Angola: from before its creation by the Portuguese until the exodus of these by our creation - Special Edition - Vol. Iii

INDEX - VOLUME III

Preface III, by Cornelius Caley

CHAPTER XIX

The unfavorable international context after World War II to the maintenance of colonialisms

The effects of the Berlin Conference on Africa on the African diasporas

Increasing mobilization in the world against colonialism Portuguese

Collective mobilization of African nations and peoples against colonialism in general and against Portuguese in particular

Opposition of Portuguese progressive circles against colonialism practiced by the authorities of their country

CHAPTER XX

Association organizations of Angola, mostly claimative, and religious with liberation doctrine, that preceded the outbreak of uprisings and uprisings against colonialism

Angolan League

African Guild

Luanda Athletic Club

Gémio peace and work

Cultural Society of Angola

African National League

Anangola

South Angola African Association

Protestant churches were also a peaceful bastion for the extinction of colonialism

CHAPTER XXI

The joint historical events referred to as the "Process of 50"

On the nature and designation of the "Process"

The seemingly fortuitous incident that unpologetised the famous "Process of 50"

The second wave of repression against the nationalists involved in the "Process"

The evocation of the mobilizing heroism of King Muana Malaza or Nvita Nkanga or D. António I of congo, hero-martyr of the battle of Ammbuíla, by the Movement for the Independence of Angola (MIA)

CHAPTER XXII

The patriotic days that shook colonialism in Angola in the first quarter of 1961

Uprising and insurrection in Kassange Downtown

Obscurantist and sincreetic oath of the unrisen

Military actions of the natives and the Portuguese in The Lower Kassange

The events of February 4 (and subsequent) in Luanda

Superstition and obscurantism instrumentalized for the mobilization of those involved

15 March 1961: the hecatombe of the colonial regime

Succession of military actions of the unemerged and carried out only in the Uige

Assessment of events in Angola by the UN Security Council

Second UN Security Council meeting on the situation in Angola

CHAPTER XXIII

Angolan nationalism with initial regional expression: the case of UPNA, then with national expression of UPA and finally FNLA

General political, diplomatic and military dynamics in the context of the struggle for independence

The reasons for the multicentric and asynchronous origin of Angolan nationalist organizations

CHAPTER XXIV

The National Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA)

The initial political constraints of the FNLA, based on the alienation in 1885 of the southern region of the fragmented kingdom and Congo empire to Portugal by means negotiated with Belgium and France, its consequent aggregation to the primitive colony of Angola and creation of the district of congo Portuguese with capital in Cabinda

The relationship between the origin of Angolan nationalism and the competition between religious confessions established in northern Angola

Portuguese military expedition to Damba and submission of its native population

The role of the Baptist missionary society (with the initials in English BMS) in the ontology of Angolan nationalism in northern Angola

The relevance of the mission of Baptist Protestants in the ontology of nationalism in northern Angola

The tribulations in succession on the throne of the Congo in the first half of the 20th century and the origin of Angolan nationalism in northern Angola

Immediate background to the founding of UPNA

The stormy entry of the UPA-FNLA leader into Angola's history

Central African geopolitics and ethnonationalism in contrato the UPA's aspirations

The relationship between the riots that occurred in 1960 in the former Congo Leopoldville and the outbreak of insurrections in Angola in 1961

Still the apocalyptic and insurrectional eruption in Northern Angola

From the formation of the National Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA) to the constitution of the Revolutionary Government of Angola in Exile (GRAE)

The dark and usual side of politics: ambition for power, intrigue and notable dissenities within the FNLA and GRAE

The fnla riot in Luvaka in 1966

The multiple punitive firing scans of rebel military personnel at the Kinkuzu military base in 1972

The profound and negative internal consequences recorded within the FNLA and consequent to the serious incidents at the Kinkuzu military base in 1972

Expansion of the guerrilla struggle under fnla/grae

Social assistance provided by GRAE

Other incidences of grae's diplomatic activity

FNLA's ideological identity

CHAPTER XXV

Angolan nationalism gathered within the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA)

On the genesis of the designation of the political organisation

The training abroad of unifying political platforms of independent organizations of the territories under colonization of Portugal

The first serious and historic split within the MPLA

The formation of the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Angola (FDLA) and consequent self-resignation of the first (or second, depending on the perspective still of controversy) president of the organization

The MPLA's diplomatic offensive against FNLA-GRAE due to its recognition in 1963 by the OAU's African Liberation Committee (Committee of 9)

The triumphant government by coup d'état and led by Massamba Debat in Congo Brazaville has turned the country into a safe territory for the functioning of African political organizations with a pro-socialist and pro-communist political orientation

The relevance of Cuba's involvement in Africa in the consolidation of the anti-colonial struggle in Angola under the MPLA

The colonial conflict has tragically knocked on the door of the governor-general in office in Angola

In Cuba there is a popular adage that says: el que no tiene de Congo tiene de carabali

First visit in 1966 of the leader of the MPLA, Dr. António Agostinho Neto, and the military leader of the organization, José Mendes de Carvalho, to the Socialist Republic of Cuba, was decisive for the relaunch of the struggle auspiciada by the MPLA

The colonial conflict was also fratricidal and proxy: the tragedy of the physical disappearance in congo Kinshasa of five women affiliated in the mpla and integrated in the Camy squadron, who sought to internalize in Angola

The extension of the guerrilla stifled by the MPLA to the Eastern region of the

About the manifestations of tribalism and racism within the organization

Tumultuous challenge of MPLA members integrated into their i and II regions structures against the organization's superior leadership in 1972

The unity and cooperation agreement concluded on 13 December 1972 between the National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA) and the People's Liberation Movement of Angola (MPLA)

The MPLA torn with two internal dissenities and rebellions from 1973: the cases of the eastern uprising and that of the militants in active revolt

The inconclusive I MPLA congress held in 1974 in Lusaka/Zambia

CHAPTER XXVI

Angolan nationalism of origin in the Center and South of the country: From religious and regional associationto the Foundation of the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA)

The resistance of the populations still manifests in the form of ephemeral efforts to opposed and combat colonialism

The emergence of UNITA and its three congresses held before the end of the colonial conflict

The obscure phase of the organization and unmillioned design of its leader

The coup d'état of 25 April 1974 in Portugal, its effects in Angola in general and within UNITA in particular

CHAPTER XXVII

The "Holy Trinity" of Liberation of Angola: the efforts of each of the three armed and independent organizations to consolidate in a hegemonic way in their regions of origin and with greater political support, with particular emphasis on urban areas

The MPLA moved forward in Luanda in 1974 with the creation of the ephemeral Committee for Political Action of Angola (CAPA)

The competition for political and military hegemony between the Liberation movements

The entry of violence into urban areas and the influx of foreign forces into Angola, before the proclamation of independence, reflecting the component of proxy conflict in the context of the world Cold War

The last moment lost to the promotion of an independence and a further harmonious evolution in Angola, between the three Liberation Movements

The Battle of Quifangondo

CHAPTER XXVIII

The protracted and severe dystocia of Angola's independence

The almost simultaneous realization of the battle of Quifangondo took place on the outskirts of Luanda, opposing the fnla and the mpla, as well as the staff of their respective foreign military coalitions, and the proclamation of independence in three cities of Angola

The leaders of the three National Liberation Movements

The exodus of the Portuguese by the creation of the Angolans