Angola: from before its creation by the Portuguese until the exodus of these by our creation - Economic Edition - Vol. III

INDEX - VOLUME III

Preface III, by Cornelius Caley

CHAPTER XIX

The Unfavorable Post-World War II International Context for the Maintenance of Colonialisms

The effects of the Berlin Conference on Africa in the African Diasporas

Growing mobilization in the World against Portuguese colonialism

Collective mobilization of African nations and peoples against colonialism in general and against the Portuguese in particular

Opposition of Portuguese progressive circles against colonialism practiced by their country's authorities

CHAPTER XX

Angolan associative organizations, mostly vindicatory, and religious with liberation doctrine, that preceded the outbreak of the uprisings and insurrections against colonialism

Angolan League

African Guild

Athletic Club of Luanda

Peace and Work Guild

Angolan Cultural Society

African National League

Anangola

Southern Angola African Association

The Protestant churches were also a bastion peace for the extinction of colonialism

CHAPTER XXI

The historical events together referred to as the "Process of 50"

On the nature and name of the "Process

The apparently fortuitous incident that triggered the famous "Process of 50

The second wave of repression against the nationalists involved in the "Process

The evocation of the mobilizing heroism of King Muana Malaza or Nvita Nkanga or King Anthony I of Congo, hero-martyr the battle of Ambuila, the Movement for the Independence of Angola (MIA)

CHAPTER XXII

The patriotic days that shook the colonialism in Angola occurred in the first quarter of 1961

Uprising and insurrection in Lower Kassange

Obscurantist and syncretic oath of the insurgents

Military actions of the natives and the Portuguese in Baixa de Kassange

The events of the 4th (and subsequent) February 1961 in Luanda

Superstition and obscurantism instrumentalized for the mobilization of those involved

march 15, 1961: the hecatomb of the colonial regime

Succession of military actions of the insurgents and carried out only in Uige

Assessment of the events in Angola by the UN Security Council

Second meeting of the UN Security Council on the situation in Angola

CHAPTER XXIII

Angolan nationalism with initial regional expression: the case of UPNA, then with national expression of UPA and finally FNLA

General political, diplomatic and military dynamics in the context of the struggle for independence

The reasons for the multicentric and asynchronous origin of Angolan nationalist organizations

CHAPTER XXIV

The National Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA)

The initial political constraints of the FNLA, based on the alienation in 1885 of the southern region of the fragmented Congo kingdom and empire to Portugal by negotiation with Belgium and France, its consequent aggregation to the primitive colony of Angola and the creation of the Portuguese Congo district with its capital in Cabinda

The relationship between the origin of Angolan nationalism and the competition between the established religious denominations in Northern Angola

Portuguese military expedition to Damba and submission of its native population

The role of the Baptist missionary society (with its English initials BMS) in the ontology of Angolan nationalism in Northern Angola

The relevance of the Protestant Baptist mission in the ontology of nationalism in Northern Angola

The tribulations in the Congo's throne succession in the first half of the 20th century and the origin of Angolan nationalism in Northern Angola

Immediate background to the founding of the UPNA

The stormy entry of the UPA-FNLA leader into Angolan history

The geopolitics of Central Africa and the ethno-nationalism running counter to the UPA's aspirations

The relationship between the 1960 riots in the former Congo Leopoldville and the outbreak of insurrections in Angola in 1961

Still the apocalyptic and insurrectionary eruption in the North of Angola

From the formation of the National Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA) to the establishment of the Revolutionary Government of Angola in Exile (GRAE)

The usual dark side of politics: ambition for power, intrigues and notable dissensions within the FNLA and GRAE

The FNLA mutiny in Luvaka in 1966

The multiple punitive shootings of rebellious soldiers at the Kinkuzu military base in 1972

The deep and negative internal consequences registered inside the FNLA and consequent to the serious incidents that occurred in the military base of Kinkuzu in 1972

Expansion of the FNLA/GRAE-led guerrilla warfare

Social assistance dispensed by GRAE

Other incidents of GRAE's diplomatic activity

Ideological identity of the FNLA

CHAPTER XXV

The Angolan nationalism gathered within the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA)

On the genesis of the name of the political organization

The formation abroad of political platforms agglutinating the independentist organizations of the territories under colonization of Portugal

The first serious and historical split within the MPLA

The formation of the Democratic Liberation Front of Angola (FDLA) and consequent self-demission of the first (or second, depending on the perspective still of controversy) president of the organization

The diplomatic offensive of the MPLA against the FNLA-GRAE by virtue of the recognition of the latter in 1963 by the OAU Liberation Committee of Africa (Committee of 9)

The government triumphant by coup d'état and led by Massamba Debat in Congo Brazaville turned the country into a safe territory for the operation of African political organizations with a pro-socialist and pro-communist political orientation

The relevance of Cuba's involvement in Africa in the consolidation of the MPLA-led anti-colonial struggle in Angola

The colonial conflict tragically knocked on the door of the incumbent governor general in Angola

In Cuba there is a popular adage that says: el que no tiene de Congo tiene de carabali

First visit in 1966 of the leader of MPLA, Dr. António Agostinho Neto, and the military responsible of the organization, José Mendes de Carvalho, to the Socialist Republic of Cuba, was determinant for the re-launching of the fight auspiced by MPLA

The colonial conflict was also fratricide and of proxy: the tragedy of the physical disappearance in Congo Kinshasa of five women affiliated to the mpla and integrated in the Camy squadron, that they sought to internalize in Angola

The extension of the guerrilla under the tutelage of MPLA to the East region of the country

About the manifestations of tribalism and racism inside of the organization

Tumultuous contestation of the members of MPLA integrated in their structures of I and II regions against the superior leadership of the organization in 1972

The agreement of unity and cooperation celebrated on December 13, 1972 between the National Front of Liberation of Angola (FNLA) and the Popular Movement of Liberation of Angola (MPLA)

The MPLA torn with two internal dissentions and rebellions from 1973 on: the cases of the revolt of the East and that of the militants in active revolt

The inconclusive I Congress of MPLA occurred in 1974 in Lusaka/Zambia

CHAPTER XXVI

The Angolan nationalism originated in the Center and South of the country: From the religious and regional associativism to the foundation of the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA)

The resistance of the populations still manifested in the form of ephemeral efforts of opposition and combat to colonialism

The rise of UNITA and its three congresses held before the end of the colonial conflict

The obscure phase of the organization and the unfathomable design of its leader

The coup d'etat of April 25, 1974 in Portugal, its effects in Angola in general and inside UNITA in particular

CHAPTER XXVII

The "Holy Trinity" of Angolan Liberation: the efforts of each of the three armed and independence organizations to consolidate in a hegemonic way in their regions of origin and of greater political support, with particular emphasis in urban areas

The MPLA moved ahead in Luanda in 1974 with the creation of the short-lived Angola Political Action Committee (CAPA)

Competition for political and military hegemony between liberation movements

The entry of violence into urban areas and the influx of foreign forces into Angola before the proclamation of independence reflecting the proxy conflict component in the context of the global Cold War

The last lost moment for the promotion of a harmonious independence and further evolution in Angola, between the three Liberation Movements

The Battle of Quifangondo

CHAPTER XXVIII

The protracted and severe dystocia of the independence of Angola

The almost simultaneous accomplishment of the battle of Quifangondo that took place in the outskirts of Luanda, opposing the FNLA and the MPLA, as well as personnel from their respective foreign military coalitions, and the proclamation of independence in three cities of Angola

The leaders of the three Movements of National Liberation

The exodus of the Portuguese by creation of the Angolans